ZHANG Daning believes that the pathogenesis of chronic renal failure can be summed up in 4 aspects:deficiency

stasis

dampness and adverse. Deficiency syndrome includes deficiency of spleen and kidney qi（yang）and deficiency of liver and kidney yin; Dampness syndrome had dampness stagnancy and water dampness

causing internal retention of dampness and turbidity. Adverse syndrome is mainly adverse rising of turbidity toxin. Stasis syndrome is running through the whole course of diseases. This diseases is syndrome of root deficiency and manifestation excessive

with the root of kidney qi failure

kidney deficiency and blood stasis

and with the manifestations of internal obstruction of dampness turbidity

adverse flow of turbidity toxin

which means its pathogenesis is intermingled deficiency

stasis

dampness and adverse. The overall treatment principles should be invigorating the kidney and activating blood circulation to treat the root causes

and dispersing dampness and descending adverse qi to treat the manifestations. Clinical treatment should combine with whole and local

syndrome differentiation and disease treatment

and multiple treatment methods.