YE Tianshi put forward "treatment of simultaneous upper and lower diseases focusing on spleen and stomach"

which reflects the overall thought of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） and the academic thought of emphasizing the spleen and stomach. Through analyzing the theoretical basis of TCM "treatment of simultaneous upper and lower diseases focusing on spleen and stomach" from the perspective of intestinal flora

the role of intestinal flora in the disease of "simultaneous upper and lower diseases" was scientifically explained from the "heart-kidney" axis

"brain-gut" axis

"lung-gut" axis and "liver-gut" axis. Moreover

the application of regulating intestinal flora in the prevention and treatment of chronic

multi-system and complex diseases was discussed from the perspective of "treating spleen and stomach". The study on the theory and mechanism of TCM through microbiome could further promote the innovation and development of TCM.