Objective To explore the effect and possible mechanism of Bunao No.1（补脑Ⅰ号） on Alzheimer′s disease（AD）. Methods C57 BL/6 mouse femur bone marrow cells were isolated and subcultured to produce the third generation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells（BMSCs）. Thirty-two APP/PS1 double transgenic mice were randomly divided into model group

BMSCs group

Bunao No.1 group and the combination（Bunao No.1 plus BMSCs） group

with eight mice in each group. Eight C57 BL/6 mice of the same strain were set as the normal group. In the BMSCs group and the combination group

the third generation of BMSCs was transplanted into the lateral ventricle; two hours after the transplantation

26 g/（kg·d） of Bunao No.1 was given by gavage to the BMSCs group

Bunao No.1 group and the combination group

while the other groups were administered with 0.2 ml normal saline by gavage once daily

for 4 weeks. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of hippocampal vascular endothelial growth factor（VEGF） and brain-derived neurotrophic factor（BDNF）; real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction（qRT-PCR） test was used to detect mRNA expression of VEGF

basic fibroblast growth factor（bFGF） and BDNF; transmission electron microscope was used to assess hippocampal microvascular morphology

nerve cells

nerve fibers and synaptic structure changes. Results Compared to the normal group

the model group had significantly lower protein expression of BDNF and VEGF

as well as lower mRNA expression of BDNF

VEGF and bFGF（P<0.01）; compared to the model group

the BMSCs group

Bunao No.1 group and the combination group had significantly increased VEGF protein expression and VEGF

BDNF

bFGF mRNA expression（P<0.05 or P<0.01）; the combination group also had increased BDNF protein expression（P<0.05）. Compared to BMSCs group and Bunao No.1 group

the combination group had higher expression of VEGF protein as well as VEGF

BDNF and bFGF mRNA（P<0.05 or P<0.01）. The Bunao No.1 group

BMSCs group and the combinaion group showed improvement of the ultrastructure of damaged blood vessels

neurons

myelinated nerve fibers and synapses in the hippocampus

and the combination group had most obvious effect. Conclusion Bunao No.1 can promote the improvement of the structure of blood vessels

nerves and synapses in the hippocampus after BMSCs transplantation in the brain of AD model mice. Its mechanism may be related to increasing the expression of BDNF

VEGF and bFGF in the hippocampus

and promoting neurovascular regeneration and synapses remodeling.